Continuing from last post… you can make the pre-ますフオーム the dictionary フォーム. If the dictionary フォーム ends with る you would drop the る and if it ends with a consonant (plus u) change the u to an i.

exception: かえる (うーverb whose final consonant is r)

Unlike the pre-ますフオーム (requires an ending like ます) the dictionary フォーム can be used by itself.

Both forms indicate an event that has not taken place/yet come to reality. These forms are referred to as non-past tense.

The use of ます makes speech polite. The dictionary フォーム by itself makes speech casual and possibly impolite.

Casual speech should not be used with someone to whom you should show respect. In casual speech particles such as を are usually omitted.

Polite Speech	Casual/Plain Speech	Notes
(q)この本をよみますか。＾
(a)はい、よみます。
	(q)この本（を）よむ？＾	を is omitted and dictionary フォーム is used.
	(a)うん、よむ。

Dictionary フォーム + つもりです “I intend/plan to”

• use this to express your own intentions
• do not use with a third-person subject. it is considered presumptuous in Japanese society
• can be used in a question to ask the addressee’s intention (only if the addressee s psychologically close to you) _{Do not use in a question if the addressee is not psychologically close to you or someone that you should show respect to.}

When the Dictionary フォーム is used with つもりです, the speech is not considered plan or impolite because ですadds politeness.

When in doubt, BE POLITE.

Unless informality is more desirable, use polite speech. If you are too polite, you can look ridiculous/stand-offish. however, if you are impolite, you can suffer serious consequences.

xはｙがあります “x has y”

when perons ( + は ) appears in stead of place ( + に ) the sentence means “person X has y.” Why why is an activity rather than a thing, the sentence will usually contain a time expression.