notes part 4 (so tired….)

introduction to the ideographic writing system

characters of the Han Dynasty of ancient China (206 BC – 220 AD)

Recording a language with is fundamentally different than writing with. These 3 scripts record the sounds of the language & are called phonograpic. In writing, ideas, rather than sounds are recorded, so we refer to this as an ideographic writing system. Each is associated with some string of sounds in a particular language, but this sound association is secondary. _{「I think I stopped reading after that because I have a note to read Elementary Japanese pages 49-50 lmao」}

verb conjugation: pre-ますフオー

The verb form that appears before ます(たべ) is called the pre-ますフオー and it combined with is called theますフオー. This is used in polite speech (as opposed to plain speech) to indicate present or future states and habitual activities ^{(see page 57 for examples)}

object marker

verbs like たべます/のみます/よみます require two entities: the subject and the direct object. This is called a transitive verb. The subject is marked by or and the direct object　を by (pronounced　お)
ex: わたしはコーヒーをのみます。

をbecomesは in negative statements
ex:私はコーヒーはのみません

when 何か”something” or何も “anything” (in a negative clause) appears as the direct object　を is not used.
ex:　何かのみますか。いいえ、何ものみません。

beautifiers　お and ご

おin　おすし is categorized as a prefix because it appears before a word. In the case ofおすし, お”beautifies” すし, indicating it’s cultural significance. ^{Another common prefix with the same function is ご(Pages 58-59 for more information)}

でlocation marker for action verbs

でis used to denote activities. When you express an activity or event, you use でto indicate location
EX:

instrument marker で”by means of”

direction/goal markerへ●に

when someone/something moves from one place to another, is へ(pronouncedえ) is used to mark the direction goal. is also used in this situation as a goal marker; they are interchangeable with movement verbs.

time marker に

generally with relative time expressions is not used (egきょう、あした)。しゅうます can be used with or without .

とwith ;　ひとりで “by oneself”
とfrequently occurs with “together”

If a person does something by him/herselfひとりで(ひとり”one person” + で “by”) is used.

A かBまで “from a to b; from a as far as b”

かれindicates starting point andまで the end. this expression can be used for both time and space.