notes part threeeeeeeeeeeeee

existential verbs

when the subject is a thingーあります
when the subject is a human, animal, etc…ーいます

location of a subject is marked with に. The use of is necessary いらっしゃいますwhen you’re supposed to show respect to the person referred to by subject.

negative form of ～ます is ～ません
negative counter part of　～に～が is ～に～はありません (use of will be explained in lesson 6 [currently only lesson 2 or 3?])

Topic Marker は

はis the topic marker (pronounced わ wa) which can mark the subject when the entity is known both by the speaker and addressee. WH- interrogative words (who/what/when/were/why) cannot appear as the topic.
To say something like who is there you would say: だれがいなすか。

Location marker に

にis used with a word of location to indicate that a certain thing or person exists in that place (also used for time). The location word can be a proper noun or a relational word (top of, under, in front of, behind, next to, etc…)
X(のうしろに)X
_{behind(marker)}

Affirmative & Negative Predicates

something	なにか
someone	だれか
someone (respectful)	どなたか
anything	なにも
anyone	だれも
anyone (respectful)	どなたも

with the use of なにか・だれか・どなたか is がoptional
withなにも・だれも・ぢばたに がmust not be used

somewhere どこわに
anywhereどこにも
Note: with, どこoccurs　に after, but before　も

This construction is very different from English. Literal translations come out unnatural, to make natural sounding English translations, you have to supply some specific location words.
Note: なに・だれ・ぢばた・どこare WH-interrogative words where as なにか・だれか・ぢなたじゃ・どこかに。なにも・だれも・どなたも・どこにもare not.

noun 1 と noun 2
when you talk about two things　と is used、 when talking about more than ２とmay be repeated。とcannot be used if X&Y are not nouns。

よis one of the sentence-final particles. よcan be added when you supply new information.

On some occasions can sound extremely assertive or imposing. Because such subtle differences are context dependent, it is advised to use with great care. pronounce with a slightly rising intonation and never put stress on it